Abstracts presented on Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics (Toronto, Canada - October 26-30/2004)

1) Body-wide delivery of a microdystrophin gene via intravascular administration of rAAV6 vectors for treatment of muscular dystrophy. P. Gregorevic, M. Blankinship, J. Allen, L. Meuse, S. Abmayr, J. Han, J. Chamberlain. Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, Dept. of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

   Severe neuromuscular disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), lead to reduced quality of life and premature mortality. Historically, genetic interventions for these diseases have been limited by an inability to achieve widespread gene transfer to the affected tissues. Here we demonstrate a method that, for the first time, enables transduction of the vast majority of both the cardiac and skeletal musculature of adult mammals via a single intravenous administration of pseudotype 6 recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV6) vectors. As a means to enhance gene transfer, we have determined that IV coadministration of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) with rAAV6 vectors can significantly increase vector accumulation and transgene expression in striated muscles. Having established in reporter gene studies that this technique enables tolerable, high-level transgene expression, we sought to evaluate the potential of this technique for delivering a therapeutic transgene to the musculature of the mdx dystrophic mouse, a model of DMD. Using this technique, we have observed that treated mdx mice exhibit expression of microdystrophin throughout the striated musculature in a manner that is sufficient to reduce pathological features of the dystrophic phenotype. Compared with untreated mice, the muscles of treated animals exhibit reduced susceptibility to contraction-induced injury, and reduced serum creatine kinase levels, reflecting a global reduction in muscle degeneration. These data are the first to demonstrate body-wide amelioration of symptoms associated with dystrophin deficiency in an adult animal following a genetic intervention. In subsequent studies we have established that these techniques can be adapted to express alternate transgenes for the treatment of other muscle diseases. We are currently undertaking studies to determine whether the existing techniques are effective in animals more similar in size and immunology to humans, and present relevant data summarizing our progress

2) Therapeutic antisense-induced exon skipping for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A. Aartsma-Rus¹, A. Janson¹, G. Platenburg², M. Bremmer-Bout¹, J.T. Den Dunnen¹, J.C.T. Van Deutekom¹, G-J.B. Van Ommen¹. 1) LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands; 2) Prosensa, Leiden, the Netherlands.

   The severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is mostly caused by frame disrupting mutations in the dystrophin gene, which result in non-functional proteins. Mutations that keep the reading frame intact give rise to internally deleted, semi-functional dystrophins and result in the milder Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) have the potential to modulate the pre-mRNA splicing such that a specific exon is skipped. As a result, the reading frame can be restored, which allows the synthesis of a BMD-like dystrophin.
   We have recently demonstrated the skipping of 20 different human DMD exons using 2'-O-methyl RNA AONs with a full-length phosphorothioate backbone (2OMePS), and confirmed the therapeutic applicability of this strategy in cultures from 10 different DMD patients. We now compare the efficacy and efficiency of 2OMePS AONs to morpholino, locked nucleic acid (LNA) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) AONs. While LNA was most efficient in inducing exon skipping, we find that it acts in a less sequence-specific manner, probably due to its extremely high RNA affinity. Awaiting further improvements in oligochemistry, we therefore consider 2OMePS AONs currently the most favourable compounds.
   To facilitate clinical application, multiple in vivo studies in animal models are ongoing to develop safe and efficient AON-delivery methods. However, as exon skipping is a sequence-specific therapy, it is desirable to directly target the human DMD gene. We have therefore set up sequence-specific human exon skipping in vivo in transgenic mice carrying the an intact copy of the full-length 2.5 Mb human gene (hDMD). We injected 2OMePS AONs targeting human exons 44, 46 and 49 into the m. gastrocnemicus of hDMD mice, and showed skipping of the human (but not the murine) exons, which persisted for at least 28 days. Based on pre-clinical data obtained by our group and others, we are currently setting up a clinical trial aiming at local dystrophin restoration following intramuscular injections of exon 46 and 51 specific AONs.